Assam is home to some of the country’s most treasured national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, such as Kaziranga, Manas, Dibru-Saikhowa, and Nameri. However, these protected areas face significant challenges due to recurring floods caused by the Brahmaputra River and heavy monsoon rains.

1. Kaziranga National Park

Kaziranga National Park, covering approximately 1,032 square kilometers, experiences severe flooding during the monsoon season, typically from June to September. In 2022, nearly 90% of the park was submerged, with floodwaters rising up to 10 feet.These floods resulted in significant wildlife casualties, including 81 rhinos, 29 elephants, and several tigers. The floods forced animals to move to higher ground, leading to increased human-wildlife conflicts and fatalities.

Mitigation Efforts -

A. Embankment Strengthening (2023-2024): The Assam government raised the height of embankments by 1.5 meters at a cost of ₹500 crore. This project aims to prevent overflow from the Brahmaputra River and protect the park from severe flooding.

B. Elevated Structures (2023): Elevated animal shelters and watchtowers, constructed 5 meters above ground, provide refuge for wildlife and help park authorities monitor flood conditions. 

C. Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation (2023): A rescue center was set up to handle displaced wildlife. In 2023, over 150 animals were rescued and relocated to safer areas. Mobile veterinary units provided on-site medical assistance.

2. Manas National Park

Manas National Park spanning 1,057 square kilometers, suffers from severe flooding during the monsoon. In July 2023, water levels rose 8 feet above normal, damaging habitats and park infrastructure. The 2023 floods led to the loss of 40 rhinos and endangered species such as the Assam roofed turtle and the golden langur. The floodwaters also destroyed critical grassland habitats.

Mitigation Efforts -

A. Flood-Resistant Infrastructure (2023): Elevated camps, watchtowers, and flood barriers were constructed as part of a ₹200 crore project. These structures help protect both wildlife and park staff from flood impacts.

B. Community-Based Flood Management (2023-2024): Local communities are engaged in flood management through training programs and maintenance of embankments. A community flood management committee was established to collaborate with park authorities.

C. Habitat Restoration (2023): A replanting program was launched to restore grasslands and wetlands affected by flooding. Native species were planted to rehabilitate damaged habitats.

3. Dibru-Saikhowa National Park

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, covering 340 square kilometers, faces significant flooding due to the overflow of the Dibru River. In August 2022, about 50% of the park was submerged. The floods impacted rare species such as the white-winged wood duck and disrupted the breeding and feeding patterns of various bird species.

Mitigation Efforts -

A. Construction of Flood Barriers (2023): Flood barriers were built along key riverbanks as part of a ₹150 crore project. These barriers help manage floodwaters and protect critical habitats.

B. Flood Monitoring and Research (2023-2024): A flood monitoring network with real-time sensors and satellite data analysis was established. Research teams study flood patterns to develop adaptive management strategies.

C. Community Involvement (2023): A flood alert system was introduced, providing early warnings to communities and park staff. Local communities assist in monitoring flood conditions and protecting wildlife.

4. Nameri National Park

Nameri National Park , spanning 200 square kilometers, experiences seasonal flooding that affects its riverine and forested areas. In July 2022, around 30% of the park was submerged. Flooding impacted wildlife habitats, particularly affecting species like the Asian elephant and various bird species. Floodwaters disrupted their feeding and breeding activities.

Mitigation Efforts -

A. Improved Drainage Systems (2023): New drainage channels were constructed to manage excess water and reduce waterlogging. This project was completed in 2023 and helps divert floodwaters away from critical habitats.

B. Habitat Management and Restoration (2023-2024): Restoration efforts include replanting native vegetation and managing water levels in wetlands. The park initiated a habitat restoration project in 2023 to rehabilitate areas affected by flooding.

C. Infrastructure Upgrades (2023): Elevated paths and watchtowers were built to improve monitoring and management during floods. These upgrades were completed in late 2023 and enhance the park’s flood response capabilities.

Flooding presents a significant challenge to Assam’s national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, impacting ecosystems and wildlife populations. Continued investment in these mitigation strategies is essential for protecting Assam’s rich biodiversity and ensuring the long-term sustainability of its protected areas.

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